Of the 7 known members of the TRAF superfamily, TRAF2 is a common target for pro-inflammatory and tumour-derived factors such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 1 (IL-1), receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL), transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), and cluster of differentiation 40 ligand (CD40L)2,3,5–9. Here, TRAF2 is linked to neoplasm.