Among these hormones, Peptide-YY (PYY) and Glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) are of specific interest in the field of obesity and diabetes as they have been implicated in the regulation of food intake and insulin secretion, even though their precise physiological significance in healthy and pathological states is still debated1–6. Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.