TNF and diabetes mellitus: Plasma levels of proinflammatory and type 1 T-helper (Th1) cells cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) may be upregulated in patients with DM.