CAMP and bacterial urinary tract infection: Compared plasma and urine levels of LL-37 between males and females group, in consideration to the severity of (upper and lower) UTI, median (inter-quartile) plasma [2.000 (1.675–2.325) vs. 2.200 (1.800–3.050) ng/ml, P = 0.002] and urine [0.650 (0.100–1.250) vs. 0.900 (0.7000–2.050)] ng/mg creatinine, However, there were no significant difference between males and females in urinary LL-37 levels, a considerable increase of plasma LL-37 was detected among the females (Fig. 2).