CRP and chronic kidney disease: In patients with signs of chronic mild inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP) > 5 mg/l), use of HCO in series with a low-flux dialyzer resulted in a dampening of systemic inflammation markers such as soluble TNF receptor 1 (sTNFR1), associated with (cardiovascular) outcomes in observational CKD cohorts [42], but not of expression density of the P-selectin receptor CD162 on monocytes in pre-dialysis blood samples [15].