PTEN and cholangiocarcinoma: Specifically, the study showed that hydrodynamic injection of plasmids encoding CRISPR-based gene knockout for Pten and TP53 (sgPten and sgTP53) led to the formation of CCA in mice.28 In the present study, we found that CRISPR-based gene knockout of a tumor suppressor can be combined with SB-mediated somatic integration of an oncogene to induce liver tumor development in vivo.