Interestingly, CAD involves membrane trafficking,76, 77 the function of which should be influenced by bioelectricity through modulation of intracellular membrane vesicles voltage potential.78, 79 Bladder epithelial cells, the mammalian targets of the bacterial strains used in our study, have been shown to react to infection through CAD mechanisms.80 It is also possible that the ontogeny rather than the function of immune cells is affected by bioelectric modulation: an acceleration of myelopoiesis could be responsible for the increase in migrating myeloid cells. Here, CAD is linked to infection.