We also hyperpolarized the embryos by injecting the PMA1.2 mRNA, which encodes a plasma membrane-localized proton pump previously used to hyperpolarize Xenopus cells.50, 51 Similar to the effects of hyperpolarizing potassium channels, we observed a significant decrease of 20.0 +/− 10.2% in survival after infection, suggesting that the effect of genetic hyperpolarization was due to the general hyperpolarized state of the embryos, and not specific effects of individual cation types (Fig. 1c). Here, KCNA3 is linked to infection.