Consistent with this idea, PTP1B knockout in mice has been shown to stimulate the repair of diverse tissues,33–35 improve heart function after MI36, 37 and improve cardiovascular function during aging.36 Importantly, MSI-1436 crosses the blood-brain barrier7, 38 and inhibits PTP1B in the CNS.39 It is thus conceivable that systemic administration of MSI-1436 could possibly be used to treat brain injuries. This evidence concerns the gene PTPN1 and brain injury.