CXCR4 and neoplasm: Because CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7chemokine axis activation regulates the pattern of tumor growth and metastatic spread to organs expressing high levels of CXCL12, NOX-A12 was expected to be useful in the treatment of several types of cancers, including multiple myeloma, lung, colorectal and brain cancers [159].