INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The most important genetic determinants of T1D risk lie within the class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, which appears to be involved in the initiation of islet autoimmunity as reflected in the appearance of islet autoantibodies, including insulin autoantibodies (IAAs), glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADAs), insulinoma-associated protein-2 antibodies (IA-2As), and zinc transporter-8 autoantibodies (ZnT8As) (8–10).