CASP9 and cancer: Earlier studies have shown that AITC increased Caspase-8 in MDA-MB-231 cells [17] and HL60 human leukemia cells [24]; increased Caspase-9 in MDA-MB-231 [17] and MDA-MB-468 breast [16], UM-UC-3 bladder [19] cancer cells, and GBM 8401 brain malignant glioma cells [20]; decreased BCL-2 in MDA-MB-231 [17] and MDA-MB-468 [16] breast cancer cells, and PC-3 prostate cancer cells in vitro [22] and in vivo [23]; and increased PARP in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer [17] and SW620 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells [52].