However, conventional serum markers for ESCC, such as squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CYFRA21-1 and carbohydrate antigen (CA)19-9, lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity for the early detection and progression of ESCC [37–41]. This evidence concerns the gene SERPINB3 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.