PARP 1 (DNA repair enzyme), SOX2 (stem marker), HDGFR, MIA3, PDGFRβ, VEGFR and EGFR (tumorigenic proteins affiliated with poor prognosis) as well as RhoA (EMT-driver and metastatic/invasive marker) were all up-regulated (fold change ≥ 1.5) in the AI tumorspheres (Fig 2); an indication of higher malignancy, radio-resistance and EMT in the AI tumorspheres compared to the AD cells. Here, LIG4 is linked to Alzheimer disease.