Because of the relative long-term survival of patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC, the long-term effects of EGFR-TKI on tumors and the surrounding microenvironment, such as changes in phenotype, heterogeneity of resistance mechanisms, changes in the immune microenvironment and tumor-associated fibrosis, should be analyzed concurrently. This evidence concerns the gene EGFR and non-small cell lung carcinoma.