TNF and Insulin resistance: TNF and other inflammatory mediators [2] have been postulated to maintain a state of chronic systemic inflammation that would induce insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiovascular diseases [3], together with an increasing number of comorbidities, including metabolic syndrome (obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes), chronic kidney disease, gastrointestinal disease, mood disorders, and malignancy [4].