PPARGC1A and Alzheimer disease: At 12 weeks, while not statistically significant, there were trends toward decreases in hypothalamic mitochondrial biogenesis-related gene expression; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1 α), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) in the 3xtg-AD mice compared with their control (PGC1 α; control: 1.0 ± 0.2 versus 3xtg AD: 0.7 ± 0.1; TFAM; control: 1.0 ± 0.1 versus 3xtg AD: 0.7 ± 0.1; NRF1; control: 1.0 ± 0.2 versus 3xtg AD: 0.7 ± 0.2) (Fig 3G, 3H and 3J).