PPARGC1A and Alzheimer disease: After 4 weeks of voluntary exercise intervention, there were no differences in mitochondrial biogenesis markers; PGC1 α, TFAM, and NRF1 between the 3xtg-AD mice with exercise and 3xtg-AD mice (PGC1 α; 3xtg AD: 0.7 ± 0.1 versus 3xtg AD + Ex: 0.7 ± 0.1; TFAM; 3xtg AD: 0.7 ± 0.1 versus 3xtg AD+Ex: 0.7 ± 0.1; NRF1; 3xtg AD: 0.7 ± 0.2 versus 3xtg AD+Ex: 0.5 ± 0.1) (Fig 3G, 3H and 3J), suggesting that short term exercise did not augment the key gene expression in mitochondrial biogenesis in 3xtg-AD mice compared to control at early time points.