We propose that prior exposure to BTE, before influenza infection, leads to lung inflammation, activation and recruitment of DCs and the disruption of the airway epithelium, which exposes lung CD11b+ DCs normally located in the submucosa and lung parenchyma [28] to viral antigen, which they capture and then carry to lung draining lymph nodes where they cross-present to CD8 T cells. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and influenza.