PGC-1α is also a key metabolic regulator, increases in PGC-1α expression or activity supports mitochondrial biogenesis through facilitating the de novo expression of mitochondrial genes [30, 42, 43], furthermore, mutations or decrease in the expression of PGC-1α blunt mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and hence at the level of physiology may predispose to type II diabetes [44, 45]. The gene discussed is PPARGC1A; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.