We found that IL-1β secretion was significantly increased 1–12 h post-infection compared with that of the mock-infection control; IL-1β levels peaked at 8 h and then gradually decreased (1 h: t(4) = 2.887, P = 0.045; 2 h: t(4) = 8.039, P = 0.0013; 4 h: t(4) = 11.06, P = 0.0004; 8 h: t(4) = 26.69, P < 0.0001; 12 h: t(4) = 11.69, P = 0.0003) (Fig. 1b). Here, IL1B is linked to infection.