TARDBP and Parkinson disease: Damage to the hypoglossal nerve, that innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, is commonly associated with dysphagia in ALS and PD patients [139] and Tan et al. [140] reported that the presence of TDP-43 in the hypoglossal nucleus can be used to accurately diagnose ALS, and particularly end-stage ALS [141].