BDNF and central nervous system cancer: In summary, our results suggest that the neurotrophins produced in the brain of glioma-bearing EE mice activate a virtuous cycle starting with the production of IL-15 by microglial cells that, in turn, stimulates NK cells to produce IFN-γ, with effects on myeloid cell phenotype, switching them towards an anti-tumor state (see Figure 7), which explains the protective effects of the environment.