PRKN and Parkinsonism: Both PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase) and Parkin (E3-ubiquitin ligase) are located in mitochondria, share a common pathway in PD pathogenesis: The clinical symptoms of Parkin-linked parkinsonism could be influenced by PINK1 mutation [31]; Overexpression of Parkin rescues the muscle damage in PINK1-deficient drosophila [32, 33].