In an effort to identify the downstream molecular pathways of MKP1 activity on glioma cells, we tested the total and phosphorylated expression of these proteins in cells with elevated MKP1. We did not see marked differences in the total JNK, p38 MAPK, or ERK expression in glioma cells (U87, U373) or in GNS166 cells (Fig. 5a, b). The gene discussed is DUSP1; the disease is glioma.