RAC1 and cancer: Normally, integrins consist of alpha and beta subunits, and initiate transmembrane signaling by activating focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and further activate various downstream effectors, such as Protein kinase B (AKT) and the Ras homolog gene family (Rho family) (Cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42), Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), and Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) GTPases), for cancer metastasis [4, 17, 18].