Infection rates were high in the report of the phase 3 trial by Palumbo et al., despite prophylactic G-CSF administration (40% of patients had an infection and 17% had febrile neutropenia) [58]; however, considering the high rates of neutropenia, infection rates were relatively low in the other studies (Table 2), such as in Palumbo et al.’s report of their HD-M trial (16%) [50]. Here, CSF3 is linked to Decreased total neutrophil count.