RARRES2 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Another important observation is that proinflammatory mediator, TNF-α, upregulated chemerin expression in periadipocytes from humans (Catalán et al., 2013), mice (Parlee et al., 2010), and cows (Suzuki et al., 2012), suggesting that the chronic low levels of inflammation seen in obesity could enhance further the autocrine chemerin signaling.