In addition to this unanticipated, dose-limiting adverse effect, subsequently confirmed in human studies, global IKKβ/NF-κB inhibition produced a series of other adverse effects, including immunodeficiencies, hepatotoxicity and a potentially increased risk of malignancies arising from tissues such as the liver and the skin, reflecting the essential roles of NF-κB in innate and adaptive immune responses and tissue homeostasis (DiDonato et al., 2012; Greten et al., 2007; Hsu et al., 2011). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is Immunodeficiency.