Normal lung fibroblasts (NLF) (Fig. 1A and C) and fibroblasts derived from lungs of individuals with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (Fig. 1B and D) were cultured in the presence of TGFβ1, with or without addition of mEVs or fibroblast-derived EVs (fEVs) (10 μg). Here, TGFB1 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.