TGFB1 and brain ischemia: Increased TGF-β1 expression reportedly functions as a potential neuroprotective cytokine as its anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and neuronal-regenerative effects attenuate brain ischemia, TBI and neurodegenerative disorders [30, 31]; substantial evidence also revealed that a high TGF-β1 expression is a pathogenic factor in AD development and progression.