TLR4 and necrotizing enterocolitis: This probiotic has been shown to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in newborn animals (16, 17) by inhibiting the toll-like receptor 4-mediated NF-κB pathway, facilitating the induction of immune-modulating Foxp3+ Tregs, and lowering the number of pro-inflammatory effector-memory T-cells in the intestinal mucosa.