ASXL1 and myelodysplastic syndrome: ASXL1 mutation is frequently associated with secondary AML evolving from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) (Devillier et al., 2012) with a 5–17% occurrence in adult AML, with a higher frequency in cases with intermediate risk cytogenetics (31%) and CN-AML (13%) (Grossmann et al., 2012; Schnittger et al., 2012; Döhner et al., 2015).