SOD1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Numerous studies have shown that gem distribution/number is also affected in SOD1-, FUS-, and TDP-43-associated ALS patient tissue, mice, and cellular models (Shan et al., 2010; Gertz et al., 2012; Kariya et al., 2012; Yamazaki et al., 2012; Ishihara et al., 2013; Tsuiji et al., 2013; Sun et al., 2015), although this pattern was not observed in sALS patient fibroblasts (Kariya et al., 2014b).