Other miRNA–target pathways that may contribute to the loss of β-cell identity after AMPK deletion are the up-regulated Ldha, a validated target of miR-34a/b/c in other cell types (34, 35), and Sox6, which can lower Pdx-1 activity to attenuate glucose stimulated insulin secretion (36) and is targeted by miR-96 in hepatocellular carcinoma (37). Here, PDX1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.