CSF2 and infection: In the results, significantly higher levels of GM-CSF (F(4,15) = 280.5, P < 0.0001; F(4,15) = 207.9, P < 0.0001) (Fig. 8a) and nitrite (F(4,15) = 59.58, P < 0.0001; F(4,15) = 296.7, P < 0.0001) (Fig. 8b) were observed in B1 and D11 phage-immunized mice, when compared to control groups, thus showing the importance of these molecules in the control of the parasitism against Leishmania. The B1 and D11 phages-vaccinated mice exhibited a humoral response with a predominance of phage- and SLA-specific IgG2a isotype, when compared to the IgG1 levels found before and after infection.