Interestingly, MS patient-derived monocytes displayed a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory IL-1β expression compared to HC subject-derived monocytes (p = 0.003) (Fig. 2a), whereas pro-inflammatory TNF-α and anti-inflammatory IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 mRNA levels were not significantly different (Fig. 2b–d). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is myeloid sarcoma.