AFP and neoplasm: Based on this study as well as from our previous studies [36, 38, 41], we postulate that the chemopreventive mechanism of ChV, which is rich in antioxidants, is by scavenging ROS found high in tumour cells, as well as inducing antiproliferative and apoptosis effect resulting in the reduction of neoplastic nodules as reflected by the reduction in tumour markers M2-PK, OV-6, AFP and TGF-β.