As can be seen from Fig. 3, liver cancer rats resulted in brown-stained cells (shown by arrows in the middle panel) indicating positive expressions of AFP (Fig. 3b), OV-6 (Fig. 3e), M2-PK (Fig. 3h) and TGF-β (Fig. 3k), as compared to rats fed with normal diet (Fig. 3a, d, g, and j). Here, TGFB1 is linked to liver cancer.