CXCL12 and prostate carcinoma: The pro-inflammatory chemokines, including Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5 /RANTES), stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1/ CXCL12), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/ CCL2), are often highly expressed in prostate cancer [30, 31].