PFKFB3 and breast carcinoma: CD44+CD24− breast cancer stem-like cells are enriched in tumor-initiating and chemotherapy-resistant cells.73,74Pfkfb3 is one of the genes in the CD44+CD24− cell gene signature that has been related to an enhanced risk of distant metastasis and poor clinical outcome in breast cancer patients.86,87 Cieslar-Pobuda et al.88 revealed that breast CSCs can be distinguished from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) or surrounding breast cancer cells based on differences in PFKFB3 and PFK-1 expression.