TGF-β has also been shown to activate the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.145 In healthy conditions TGF-β acts as a tumor suppressor, inhibiting proliferation, as a result mutations in the TGF-β signaling pathway, lead to an insensitivity to this cell growth prevention.143 Aberrant TGF-β signaling results in inflammation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and immune escape. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.