NFKB1 and neoplasm: In the presence of certain cellular stimuli, NF-κB signaling is activated by the IκB kinase (IKK) complex-mediated Ser32/36 phosphorylation of IκB.55 Activation of NF-κB signaling is strongly associated with the EMT process by promoting the expression of Twist1, Snail1, Slug and ZEB1/2, which contributes to the disruption of cell–cell junctions.56 Specifically, NF-κB activation also induces the transcription of vimentin and MMPs (such as MMP-2, MMP-9) to maintain the mesenchymal phenotype and promote tumor cell migration.