Although we have emphasised the role of Abs in the initial protection against viral infections, Clec9A targeting of Ags in the presence of adjuvants such as adopted here is also a very effective procedure for generating CTL.9,17 The vaccine Ags we have used here do not appear to have effective CD8 T-cell epitopes for mice,23,25 but in future human applications targeting vaccine Ag with CD8 T-cell epitopes to CLEC9A could further improve virus clearance. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and viral infectious disease.