Thirty-eight protein-coding genes are located within this region, including PACSIN2, MPPED1, SULT4A1 and ATXN10 that are all expressed in the brain, are highly haploinsufficient and/or likely to be intolerant to loss-of-function mutations and therefore represent compelling candidates for increasing the risk of absence of speech in individuals with PMS. Here, MPPED1 is linked to premenstrual tension.