In mice, absence of pancreatic islet ABCA1 seems to cause intracellular cholesterol accumulation and beta-cell dysfunction and, at some level, affected insulin secretion.30–33 A human study further suggests the importance of ABCA1 for normal function of the beta-cell where loss-of-function heterozygous carriers showed impaired insulin secretion without insulin resistance,34 although the precise role of ABCA1 mutations on pancreatic beta-cell function is not universally agreed on,35,36 perhaps pointing at subgroup effects where further context-dependent studies or analyses are needed. This evidence concerns the gene INS and Insulin resistance.