M2d macrophages, also termed tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), are a major source of vascular endothelial growth factors, which accumulate at the tumour site by tumour-derived signals, such as macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF/CSF-1), vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF) and chemokines CCL2 and CCL5)3,10,11. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and neoplasm.