GRP and neoplasm: Furthermore, it has been found that CCK/ gastrin [135, 147–150], GRP [53, 54, 131, 138, 151, 152], bradykinin [153, 154] and vasopressin [21, 155, 156] bind with high affinity to their cognate receptors to promote DNA synthesis [157], increase intracellular calcium levels [37, 132, 143, 147–150, 153–155, 158], promote cellular growth, proliferation, survival [139, 140, 159–165], cause loss of cell adhesion, and stimulate tumor progression, invasion, migration and metastasis [166–169].