TGFB1 and breast cancer: During the later stages of tumor progression, autophagy is thought to be important for tumor cell survival such that autophagy inhibitors like chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine can sensitize certain cells to chemotherapeutic agents [16, 40–42].Similarly, TGF-β also has a paradoxical function in breast cancer where it acts as a tumor suppressor in early stages of disease, but promotes EMT and tumor progression in the metastatic setting [43].