IGF-1 is also probably necessary for normal VEGF function.60 Low systemic serum IGF-1 concentrations are associated with increased risk of ROP, and have been used to identify infants at risk of developing ROP.60, , –63 Hence, exogenous IGF-1 supplements have been suggested as a potential prophylaxis for ROP.24 Interestingly, lower plasma concentrations of IGF-1 binding protein (IGFBP-3) were found in infants developing severe ROP.64 We did not find elevated concentrations of IGF-1 or IGFBP-1 to reduce the risk of ROP in the absence of inflammation as defined in this study. The gene discussed is IGFBP3; the disease is retinopathy of prematurity.