TGFB1 and systemic sclerosis: Given that TGF-β action is determined by the state of activation and differentiation of the target cells and the presence and concentration of other cytokines and growth factors, TGF-β potentially promotes inflammation by recruiting leukocytes through the regulation of cell adhesion molecules and the creation of chemokine gradient, by activating leukocytes, and by inducing various pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators in early stage of SSc.