A more recent work has compared the host cell response to infection by different E. coli pathotypes, including EIEC, and by Shigella. The kinetic of NF-κB and ERK1/2 activation in HT-29 epithelial cells shows only a slightly higher p65 phosphorylation after 4 h of infection with Shigella as compared with EIEC. The gene discussed is MAPK3; the disease is infection.