PKD1 and prostate cancer: In addition, PKD isoforms directly activate the NF-κB pathway: In HeLa cells, PKD1 activates NF-κB via oxidative stress signaling [82], while PKD2 supports the pIKKβ degradation pathway, and PKD3 is responsible for p65 phosphorylation of NF-κB in prostate cancer cells [83].